TY  - CONF
AU  - Smiljanić, Katarina
AU  - Prodić, Ivana
AU  - Aleksić, Ivana
AU  - Veljović, Đorđe
AU  - Ćirković-Veličković, Tanja
AU  - Mutić, Jelena
AU  - Burazer, Lidija M.
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://intor.torlakinstitut.com/handle/123456789/772
AB  - Objective: to create method for unrestrictive deep, relative quantification of post translationalmodifications (PTMs) within different proteomes. Pollution field studies of bio indicators such aspollen are valuable because of realistic situation of target contamination, however they carry thegreat extent of uncertainty in attributing and delineating the polluting effect from multiple sources.Holistic research platform focusing on comprehensively characterized and quantified PTMs ofcomparable bio-indicator proteomes could help and overcome these obstacles of field pollutionstudies.Material and Methods: Scanning electron and light microscopy assessed surface and sub pollenparticle (SPP) releasing features of timothy grass (TG) pollen. Inductively coupled atomic emissionspectrometry revealed metal elemental content in pollen while in solution trypsin digested pollenproteomes analysed with high resolution Orbitrap mass tandem spectrometry and PEAKS Suite 8.5brought quantitative information on protein expression level and its PTM profiling.Results: TG polluted pollen samples (P2) collected along regional road and chemical plant,exposed to air contaminants from road traffics and chemical plants showed 4.5 times higher SPPreleasing capacity, with notable surface changes, as well as significantly higher contents of Mn, Hgand Cd. Antioxidative enzymes (oxidoreductases, superoxide dismutases and peroxidases),including actin, were upregulated several times in polluted sample compared to ecologicallypreserved pollen (P1). While the level of spontaneous and physiological PTMs includingmethylation, acetylation, deamidation and formylation, was similar without significant changes inP1 and P2 pollens, oxidative PTMs including oxidation of Met, Lys, His, Pro and HNE and hexoseadducts showed several times higher and significant increase in abundancy of P2 compared to P1.PTMs connected to road traffic such as tyrosine nitration were very rare and low abundant.Conclusion: Results suggest prominent role of chemical pollution compared to effect of road trafficpollution, with primary consequences from oxidative properties of mercury (Hg) and cadmium(Cd).
PB  - Srpsko Udruženje za Proteomiku, SePA; IBISS
C3  - IV Simpozijum srpskog udruženja za proteomiku – SePA, Interaktomika i glikoproteomika: novi pristup u analizi proteina na velikoj skali, 25. maj 2018, Beograd, Srbija
T1  - Deep and quantitative profiling of PTMs in ecologically preserved and polluted pollen proteomes of timothy grass reveals predominant source of contamination
EP  - 13
SP  - 13
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_intor_772
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Smiljanić, Katarina and Prodić, Ivana and Aleksić, Ivana and Veljović, Đorđe and Ćirković-Veličković, Tanja and Mutić, Jelena and Burazer, Lidija M.",
year = "2018",
abstract = "Objective: to create method for unrestrictive deep, relative quantification of post translationalmodifications (PTMs) within different proteomes. Pollution field studies of bio indicators such aspollen are valuable because of realistic situation of target contamination, however they carry thegreat extent of uncertainty in attributing and delineating the polluting effect from multiple sources.Holistic research platform focusing on comprehensively characterized and quantified PTMs ofcomparable bio-indicator proteomes could help and overcome these obstacles of field pollutionstudies.Material and Methods: Scanning electron and light microscopy assessed surface and sub pollenparticle (SPP) releasing features of timothy grass (TG) pollen. Inductively coupled atomic emissionspectrometry revealed metal elemental content in pollen while in solution trypsin digested pollenproteomes analysed with high resolution Orbitrap mass tandem spectrometry and PEAKS Suite 8.5brought quantitative information on protein expression level and its PTM profiling.Results: TG polluted pollen samples (P2) collected along regional road and chemical plant,exposed to air contaminants from road traffics and chemical plants showed 4.5 times higher SPPreleasing capacity, with notable surface changes, as well as significantly higher contents of Mn, Hgand Cd. Antioxidative enzymes (oxidoreductases, superoxide dismutases and peroxidases),including actin, were upregulated several times in polluted sample compared to ecologicallypreserved pollen (P1). While the level of spontaneous and physiological PTMs includingmethylation, acetylation, deamidation and formylation, was similar without significant changes inP1 and P2 pollens, oxidative PTMs including oxidation of Met, Lys, His, Pro and HNE and hexoseadducts showed several times higher and significant increase in abundancy of P2 compared to P1.PTMs connected to road traffic such as tyrosine nitration were very rare and low abundant.Conclusion: Results suggest prominent role of chemical pollution compared to effect of road trafficpollution, with primary consequences from oxidative properties of mercury (Hg) and cadmium(Cd).",
publisher = "Srpsko Udruženje za Proteomiku, SePA; IBISS",
journal = "IV Simpozijum srpskog udruženja za proteomiku – SePA, Interaktomika i glikoproteomika: novi pristup u analizi proteina na velikoj skali, 25. maj 2018, Beograd, Srbija",
title = "Deep and quantitative profiling of PTMs in ecologically preserved and polluted pollen proteomes of timothy grass reveals predominant source of contamination",
pages = "13-13",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_intor_772"
}

Smiljanić, K., Prodić, I., Aleksić, I., Veljović, Đ., Ćirković-Veličković, T., Mutić, J.,& Burazer, L. M.. (2018). Deep and quantitative profiling of PTMs in ecologically preserved and polluted pollen proteomes of timothy grass reveals predominant source of contamination. in IV Simpozijum srpskog udruženja za proteomiku – SePA, Interaktomika i glikoproteomika: novi pristup u analizi proteina na velikoj skali, 25. maj 2018, Beograd, Srbija
Srpsko Udruženje za Proteomiku, SePA; IBISS., 13-13.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_intor_772

Smiljanić K, Prodić I, Aleksić I, Veljović Đ, Ćirković-Veličković T, Mutić J, Burazer LM. Deep and quantitative profiling of PTMs in ecologically preserved and polluted pollen proteomes of timothy grass reveals predominant source of contamination. in IV Simpozijum srpskog udruženja za proteomiku – SePA, Interaktomika i glikoproteomika: novi pristup u analizi proteina na velikoj skali, 25. maj 2018, Beograd, Srbija. 2018;:13-13.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_intor_772 .

Smiljanić, Katarina, Prodić, Ivana, Aleksić, Ivana, Veljović, Đorđe, Ćirković-Veličković, Tanja, Mutić, Jelena, Burazer, Lidija M., "Deep and quantitative profiling of PTMs in ecologically preserved and polluted pollen proteomes of timothy grass reveals predominant source of contamination" in IV Simpozijum srpskog udruženja za proteomiku – SePA, Interaktomika i glikoproteomika: novi pristup u analizi proteina na velikoj skali, 25. maj 2018, Beograd, Srbija (2018):13-13,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_intor_772 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Aleksić, Ivana
AU  - Vučković, Olga
AU  - Smiljanić, Katarina
AU  - Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija
AU  - Krsmanović, Vera
AU  - Burazer, Lidija
PY  - 2014
UR  - http://intor.torlakinstitut.com/handle/123456789/407
AB  - According to the data obtained from in vivo and in vitro testing in Serbia, a significant number of patients have allergic symptoms caused by grass pollen. We examined the protein composition of grass pollens (Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Phleum pratense) and cross-reactivity in patients allergic to grass pollen from our region. The grass pollen allergen extract was characterized by SDS-PAGE, while cross-reactivity of single grass pollens was revealed by immunoblot analysis. A high degree of cross-reactivity was demonstrated for all three single pollens in the sera of allergic patients compared to the grass pollen extract mixture. Confirmation of the existence of cross-reactivity between different antigenic sources facilitates the use of monovalent vaccines, which are easier to standardize and at the same time prevent further sensitization of patients and reduces adverse reactions.
PB  - Srpsko biološko društvo, Beograd, i dr.
T2  - Archives of Biological Sciences
T1  - The importance of cross-reactivity in grass pollen allergy
EP  - 1155
IS  - 3
SP  - 1149
VL  - 66
DO  - 10.2298/ABS1403149A
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Aleksić, Ivana and Vučković, Olga and Smiljanić, Katarina and Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija and Krsmanović, Vera and Burazer, Lidija",
year = "2014",
abstract = "According to the data obtained from in vivo and in vitro testing in Serbia, a significant number of patients have allergic symptoms caused by grass pollen. We examined the protein composition of grass pollens (Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Phleum pratense) and cross-reactivity in patients allergic to grass pollen from our region. The grass pollen allergen extract was characterized by SDS-PAGE, while cross-reactivity of single grass pollens was revealed by immunoblot analysis. A high degree of cross-reactivity was demonstrated for all three single pollens in the sera of allergic patients compared to the grass pollen extract mixture. Confirmation of the existence of cross-reactivity between different antigenic sources facilitates the use of monovalent vaccines, which are easier to standardize and at the same time prevent further sensitization of patients and reduces adverse reactions.",
publisher = "Srpsko biološko društvo, Beograd, i dr.",
journal = "Archives of Biological Sciences",
title = "The importance of cross-reactivity in grass pollen allergy",
pages = "1155-1149",
number = "3",
volume = "66",
doi = "10.2298/ABS1403149A"
}

Aleksić, I., Vučković, O., Smiljanić, K., Gavrović-Jankulović, M., Krsmanović, V.,& Burazer, L.. (2014). The importance of cross-reactivity in grass pollen allergy. in Archives of Biological Sciences
Srpsko biološko društvo, Beograd, i dr.., 66(3), 1149-1155.
https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1403149A

Aleksić I, Vučković O, Smiljanić K, Gavrović-Jankulović M, Krsmanović V, Burazer L. The importance of cross-reactivity in grass pollen allergy. in Archives of Biological Sciences. 2014;66(3):1149-1155.
doi:10.2298/ABS1403149A .

Aleksić, Ivana, Vučković, Olga, Smiljanić, Katarina, Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija, Krsmanović, Vera, Burazer, Lidija, "The importance of cross-reactivity in grass pollen allergy" in Archives of Biological Sciences, 66, no. 3 (2014):1149-1155,
https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1403149A . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Grozdanović, Milica
AU  - Ostojić, Sanja
AU  - Aleksić, Ivana
AU  - Anđelković, Uroš
AU  - Petersen, Arnd
AU  - Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija
PY  - 2014
UR  - http://intor.torlakinstitut.com/handle/123456789/411
AB  - BACKGROUND: Actinidin is a cysteine protease and major allergen from kiwi fruit. When purified under specific native conditions, actinidin preparations from fresh kiwi fruit contain both an active and inactive form of this enzyme. In this study, biochemical and immunological properties upon simulated gastro-intestinal digestion, as well as thermal stability, were investigated for both active and E-64-inhibited actinidin. RESULTS: Active actinidin retained its primary structure and proteolytic activity after 2 h of simulated gastric digestion, followed by 2 h of intestinal digestion, as assessed by SDS-PAGE, zymography and mass spectroscopy. Immunological reactivity of active actinidin was also preserved, as tested by immunoelectrophoresis. The E-64 inhibited actinidin was fully degraded after 1 h of pepsin treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that active actinidin has one transition maximum temperature (T-m) at 73.9 degrees C, whereas in the E-64-actinidin complex the two actinidin domains unfolded independently, with the first domain having a T-m value of only 61 degrees C. CONCLUSION: Active actinidin is capable of reaching the intestinal mucosa in a proteolytically active and immunogenic state. Inhibitor binding induces changes in the actinidin molecule that go beyond inhibition of proteolytic activity, also influencing the digestion stability and T-m values of actinidin, features important in the characterisation of food allergens. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
T1  - Active actinidin retains function upon gastro-intestinal digestion and is more thermostable than the E-64-inhibited counterpart
EP  - 3052
IS  - 14
SP  - 3046
VL  - 94
DO  - 10.1002/jsfa.6656
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Grozdanović, Milica and Ostojić, Sanja and Aleksić, Ivana and Anđelković, Uroš and Petersen, Arnd and Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija",
year = "2014",
abstract = "BACKGROUND: Actinidin is a cysteine protease and major allergen from kiwi fruit. When purified under specific native conditions, actinidin preparations from fresh kiwi fruit contain both an active and inactive form of this enzyme. In this study, biochemical and immunological properties upon simulated gastro-intestinal digestion, as well as thermal stability, were investigated for both active and E-64-inhibited actinidin. RESULTS: Active actinidin retained its primary structure and proteolytic activity after 2 h of simulated gastric digestion, followed by 2 h of intestinal digestion, as assessed by SDS-PAGE, zymography and mass spectroscopy. Immunological reactivity of active actinidin was also preserved, as tested by immunoelectrophoresis. The E-64 inhibited actinidin was fully degraded after 1 h of pepsin treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that active actinidin has one transition maximum temperature (T-m) at 73.9 degrees C, whereas in the E-64-actinidin complex the two actinidin domains unfolded independently, with the first domain having a T-m value of only 61 degrees C. CONCLUSION: Active actinidin is capable of reaching the intestinal mucosa in a proteolytically active and immunogenic state. Inhibitor binding induces changes in the actinidin molecule that go beyond inhibition of proteolytic activity, also influencing the digestion stability and T-m values of actinidin, features important in the characterisation of food allergens. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture",
title = "Active actinidin retains function upon gastro-intestinal digestion and is more thermostable than the E-64-inhibited counterpart",
pages = "3052-3046",
number = "14",
volume = "94",
doi = "10.1002/jsfa.6656"
}

Grozdanović, M., Ostojić, S., Aleksić, I., Anđelković, U., Petersen, A.,& Gavrović-Jankulović, M.. (2014). Active actinidin retains function upon gastro-intestinal digestion and is more thermostable than the E-64-inhibited counterpart. in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
Wiley, Hoboken., 94(14), 3046-3052.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6656

Grozdanović M, Ostojić S, Aleksić I, Anđelković U, Petersen A, Gavrović-Jankulović M. Active actinidin retains function upon gastro-intestinal digestion and is more thermostable than the E-64-inhibited counterpart. in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014;94(14):3046-3052.
doi:10.1002/jsfa.6656 .

Grozdanović, Milica, Ostojić, Sanja, Aleksić, Ivana, Anđelković, Uroš, Petersen, Arnd, Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija, "Active actinidin retains function upon gastro-intestinal digestion and is more thermostable than the E-64-inhibited counterpart" in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, no. 14 (2014):3046-3052,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6656 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Popović, Milica
AU  - Anđelković, Uroš
AU  - Grozdanović, Milica
AU  - Aleksić, Ivana
AU  - Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija
PY  - 2013
UR  - http://intor.torlakinstitut.com/handle/123456789/390
AB  - The need for replacing traditional pesticides with alternative agents for the management of agricultural pathogens is rising worldwide. In this study, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI), 11 kDa in size, was purified from green kiwifruit to homogeneity. We examined the growth inhibition of three plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacterial strains by kiwi CPI and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of the growth inhibition. CPI influenced the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens (76.2 % growth inhibition using 15 mu M CPI), Burkholderia cepacia (75.6 % growth inhibition) and, to a lesser extent, Erwinia carotovora (44.4 % growth inhibition) by inhibiting proteinases that are excreted by these bacteria. Identification and characterization of natural plant defense molecules is the first step toward creation of improved methods for pest control based on naturally occurring molecules.
PB  - Springer, New York
T2  - Indian Journal of Microbiology
T1  - In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
EP  - 105
IS  - 1
SP  - 100
VL  - 53
DO  - 10.1007/s12088-012-0319-2
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Popović, Milica and Anđelković, Uroš and Grozdanović, Milica and Aleksić, Ivana and Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija",
year = "2013",
abstract = "The need for replacing traditional pesticides with alternative agents for the management of agricultural pathogens is rising worldwide. In this study, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI), 11 kDa in size, was purified from green kiwifruit to homogeneity. We examined the growth inhibition of three plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacterial strains by kiwi CPI and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of the growth inhibition. CPI influenced the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens (76.2 % growth inhibition using 15 mu M CPI), Burkholderia cepacia (75.6 % growth inhibition) and, to a lesser extent, Erwinia carotovora (44.4 % growth inhibition) by inhibiting proteinases that are excreted by these bacteria. Identification and characterization of natural plant defense molecules is the first step toward creation of improved methods for pest control based on naturally occurring molecules.",
publisher = "Springer, New York",
journal = "Indian Journal of Microbiology",
title = "In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)",
pages = "105-100",
number = "1",
volume = "53",
doi = "10.1007/s12088-012-0319-2"
}

Popović, M., Anđelković, U., Grozdanović, M., Aleksić, I.,& Gavrović-Jankulović, M.. (2013). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). in Indian Journal of Microbiology
Springer, New York., 53(1), 100-105.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0319-2

Popović M, Anđelković U, Grozdanović M, Aleksić I, Gavrović-Jankulović M. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). in Indian Journal of Microbiology. 2013;53(1):100-105.
doi:10.1007/s12088-012-0319-2 .

Popović, Milica, Anđelković, Uroš, Grozdanović, Milica, Aleksić, Ivana, Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija, "In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)" in Indian Journal of Microbiology, 53, no. 1 (2013):100-105,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0319-2 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Aleksić, Ivana
AU  - Popović, Milica
AU  - Dimitrijević, Rajna
AU  - Anđelković, Uroš
AU  - Vassilopoulou, Emilia
AU  - Sinaniotis, Athanassios
AU  - Atanasković-Marković, Marina
AU  - Lindner, Buko
AU  - Petersen, Arnd
AU  - Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G.
AU  - Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija
PY  - 2012
UR  - http://intor.torlakinstitut.com/handle/123456789/362
AB  - Scope Banana fruit has become an important cause of fruit allergy in the recent years. Among the five registered IUIS allergens, Mus a 1 and Mus a 2 have been characterized in detail. In this study, molecular characterization and evaluation of the allergenic properties of beta-1,3-glucanase from banana (Musa acuminata), denoted as Mus a 5, were performed Methods and results: The gene of Mus a 5 was cloned and sequenced. The obtained cDNA revealed a novel Mus a 5 isoform with an open reading frame encoding a protein of 340 amino acids comprising a putative signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. By MALDI-TOF analysis Mus a 5 isolated from banana fruit revealed a molecular mass of 33 451 +/- 67 Da. Two Mus a 5 isoforms (pI 7.7 and 8.0) were detected by 2D immunoblot with an identical N-terminal sequence. By mass fingerprint, 76 and 83% of the primary structure was confirmed for the two mature Mus a 5 isoforms, respectively. IgE reactivity to Mus a 5 was found in 74% of patients sensitized to banana fruit. Upregulation of basophil activation markers CD63 and CD203c was achieved with Mus a 5 in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Mus a 5 is a functional allergen and a candidate for the component-resolved allergy diagnosis of banana allergy.
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
T1  - Molecular and immunological characterization of Mus a 5 allergen from banana fruit
EP  - 453
IS  - 3
SP  - 446
VL  - 56
DO  - 10.1002/mnfr.201100541
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Aleksić, Ivana and Popović, Milica and Dimitrijević, Rajna and Anđelković, Uroš and Vassilopoulou, Emilia and Sinaniotis, Athanassios and Atanasković-Marković, Marina and Lindner, Buko and Petersen, Arnd and Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. and Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija",
year = "2012",
abstract = "Scope Banana fruit has become an important cause of fruit allergy in the recent years. Among the five registered IUIS allergens, Mus a 1 and Mus a 2 have been characterized in detail. In this study, molecular characterization and evaluation of the allergenic properties of beta-1,3-glucanase from banana (Musa acuminata), denoted as Mus a 5, were performed Methods and results: The gene of Mus a 5 was cloned and sequenced. The obtained cDNA revealed a novel Mus a 5 isoform with an open reading frame encoding a protein of 340 amino acids comprising a putative signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. By MALDI-TOF analysis Mus a 5 isolated from banana fruit revealed a molecular mass of 33 451 +/- 67 Da. Two Mus a 5 isoforms (pI 7.7 and 8.0) were detected by 2D immunoblot with an identical N-terminal sequence. By mass fingerprint, 76 and 83% of the primary structure was confirmed for the two mature Mus a 5 isoforms, respectively. IgE reactivity to Mus a 5 was found in 74% of patients sensitized to banana fruit. Upregulation of basophil activation markers CD63 and CD203c was achieved with Mus a 5 in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Mus a 5 is a functional allergen and a candidate for the component-resolved allergy diagnosis of banana allergy.",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Molecular Nutrition and Food Research",
title = "Molecular and immunological characterization of Mus a 5 allergen from banana fruit",
pages = "453-446",
number = "3",
volume = "56",
doi = "10.1002/mnfr.201100541"
}

Aleksić, I., Popović, M., Dimitrijević, R., Anđelković, U., Vassilopoulou, E., Sinaniotis, A., Atanasković-Marković, M., Lindner, B., Petersen, A., Papadopoulos, N. G.,& Gavrović-Jankulović, M.. (2012). Molecular and immunological characterization of Mus a 5 allergen from banana fruit. in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
Wiley, Hoboken., 56(3), 446-453.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100541

Aleksić I, Popović M, Dimitrijević R, Anđelković U, Vassilopoulou E, Sinaniotis A, Atanasković-Marković M, Lindner B, Petersen A, Papadopoulos NG, Gavrović-Jankulović M. Molecular and immunological characterization of Mus a 5 allergen from banana fruit. in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2012;56(3):446-453.
doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100541 .

Aleksić, Ivana, Popović, Milica, Dimitrijević, Rajna, Anđelković, Uroš, Vassilopoulou, Emilia, Sinaniotis, Athanassios, Atanasković-Marković, Marina, Lindner, Buko, Petersen, Arnd, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija, "Molecular and immunological characterization of Mus a 5 allergen from banana fruit" in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 56, no. 3 (2012):446-453,
https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100541 . .